湍流度随高度的变化及其对城市宏观地形的依赖     

李大全  孙武  欧阳睿康  黄盛  高梦媛  李庆祥  黄启明 《热带地理》2019,39(3):365-376

分别构建广州主建成区垂直比例尺为1﹕2 000、1﹕1 000和1﹕500的3个建筑物模型，利用大型边界层风洞，在西北和东南两风向下，基于中性流模拟分析了复杂城市地形下湍流度随高度的变化及其对宏观地形的依赖。结果表明：风廓线指数α与不同高度的湍流度之间的关系密切，利用现有模型，根据4类粗糙度边界层和不同垂直比例尺，可确定相应的湍流度随高度变化模型的主要系数，预测精度高。城市地形下最大湍流度面发育在0~0.2 h之间狭窄的范围内。用湍流度形态指数β来表征湍流度随高度的变化，无论城市屋脊还是平坦地形，随着风程区的延伸，廓线的指数α升高，湍流度形态指数β降低。表明同一高度湍流度值具有由迎风区、丘顶区向背风区增高，沿风程逐渐增大的规律，对地形部位和风程的依赖性强，与来流翻越简单地形时的特征一致。  相似文献   

Effects of current climate,paleo-climate,and habitat heterogeneity in determining biogeographical patterns of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants in China   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Xu  Yue  Shen  Zehao  Ying  Lingxiao  Zang  Runguo  Jiang  Youxu 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(7):1142-1158

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Understanding biogeographic patterns and the mechanisms underlying them has been a main issue in macroecology and biogeography, and has implications for...  相似文献   

The Gravity Module Assembly used in airborne full tensor gradiometry surveys     

G.J. Barnes 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(6):1620-1625

In airborne gravity gradiometry, the Gravity Module Assembly is an optional gravimeter unit that is mounted on the same stabilized platform as the Full Tensor Gradiometer. Direct measurements of the gravity field are needed from this device to constrain the long wavelengths when gradient data are integrated mathematically to form high-resolution gravity fields. The Gravity Module Assembly is, however, capable of providing independent gravity data with a specification approaching that expected from a dedicated airborne gravity system. Presented here is an error analysis of data from this instrument collected alongside the Full Tensor Gradiometer during an airborne survey. By having both gradiometry and gravity datasets, comparisons of the information content in these two types of measurement are made.  相似文献   

Impact of three-dimensional attitude variations of an unmanned aerial vehicle magnetometry system on magnetic data quality     

Callum A. Walter  A. Braun  G. Fotopoulos 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(2):465-479

Optically pumped vapour magnetometers have an orientation dependency in measuring the scalar component of the ambient magnetic field which leads to challenges for integration with mobile platforms. Quantifying the three-dimensional attitude variations (yaw, pitch and roll) of an optically pumped vapour magnetometer, while in-flight and suspended underneath a rotary unmanned aerial vehicle, aids in the successful development of reliable, high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle magnetometry surveys. This study investigates the in-flight three-dimensional attitude characteristics of a GEM Systems Inc. GSMP-35U potassium vapour magnetometer suspended 3 m underneath a Dà-Jiāng Innovations S900 multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle. A series of unmanned aerial vehicle-borne attitude surveys quantified the three-dimensional attitude variations that a simulated magnetometer payload experienced while freely (or semi-rigidly) suspended underneath the unmanned aerial vehicle in fair weather. Analysis of the compiled yaw, pitch and roll data resulted in the design of a specialized semi-rigid magnetometer mount, implemented to limit magnetometer rotation about the yaw axis. A subsequent unmanned aerial vehicle-borne magnetic survey applying this specialized mount resulted in more than 99% of gathered GSMP-35U magnetic data being within industry standards. Overall, this study validates that maintaining magnetometer attitude variations within quantified limits (±5° yaw, ±10° pitch and roll) during flight can yield reliable, continuous and high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle-borne magnetic measurements.  相似文献   

全球气候变化下南海诸岛保护优先区识别分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

左秀玲  苏奋振  张宇  吴文周  吴迪 《地理学报》2020,75(3):647-661

全球变化下,珊瑚礁保护区是保护生物多样性、增强珊瑚礁对气候变暖抵抗力的有效方式,而维持珊瑚礁弹性是其核心内容。针对珊瑚礁最具有威胁性的热压力因子,基于南海1982—2009年卫星观测海表面温度（SST）数据和CMIP5加拿大地球系统模式CanESM2模型预估的2006—2100年南海SST数据构建热压力强度模型,从维持珊瑚礁弹性的角度识别IPCC RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下南海诸岛保护优先区。结果表明：RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下13%左右的南海诸岛珊瑚礁识别为保护优先区。根据热压力强度与珊瑚抵抗力及避难所关系,西沙群岛七连屿和晋卿岛近年观测与未来预估的热压力强度均比较低,在保障其服务功能的基础上建议实施完全保护;东沙群岛东沙环礁和中沙环礁排洪滩近年观测急性热压力强度较高但未来预估热压力强度较低,建议实施50%禁止利用保护;中沙群岛黄岩岛近年观测和未来预估的急性热压力强度均比较低,建议实施50%多用途保护。南沙群岛有14%左右的珊瑚礁识别为保护优先区,根据其热压力强度可实施30%~100%禁止利用保护或30%~50%多用途保护。RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下的南海诸岛保护优先区及保护对策,可为维持珊瑚礁生态弹性及应对全球气候变化提供重要的参考价值。  相似文献   

Configurations of community in flood risk management     

Aleksi Räsänen  Vera Kauppinen  Sirkku Juhola  Gunhild Setten  Haakon Lein 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(3):165-180

ABSTRACT

Despite a notable increase in the literature on community resilience, the notion of ‘community’ remains underproblematised. This is evident within flood risk management (FRM) literature, in which the understanding and roles of communities may be acknowledged but seldom discussed in any detail. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate how community networks are configured by different actors, whose roles and responsibilities span spatial scales within the context of FRM. Accordingly, the authors analyse findings from semi-structured interviews, policy documents, and household surveys from two flood prone areas in Finnish Lapland. The analysis reveals that the ways in which authorities, civil society, and informal actors take on multiple roles are intertwined and form different types of networks. By implication, the configuration of community is fuzzy, elusive and situated, and not confined to a fixed spatiality. The authors discuss the implications of the complex nature of community for FRM specifically, and for community resilience more broadly. They conclude that an analysis of different actors across scales contributes to an understanding of the configuration of community, including community resilience, and how the meaning of community takes shape according to the differing aims of FRM in combination with differing geographical settings.  相似文献   

基于MCR模型和DO指数的九江滨水城市生态安全网络构建   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

戴璐  刘耀彬  黄开忠 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2459-2474

兼顾生态保护和经济增长的生态安全网络对引导滨水城市走可持续发展道路具有重要指导意义。本文以九江市为例,采用景观生态数据集和产业信息数据集,结合最小累积阻力模型（MCR）和连续空间的产业集聚测度指数（DO）构建了综合评价方法,分别对景观生态格局和经济生产空间进行分析,诊断二者的空间冲突确定战略节点并构建生态安全网络。结果表明：① 研究区包含重要生态源地29个,总面积为7323 km²;生态安全阻力高值区面积占39.69%,位于城市中部和东部连片区域,低值区则处于外围,且连通过渡区域较少,呈现空间上两极分化的“中心—外围”景观生态格局;② 经济生产空间临近水资源分布,呈现为小尺度集聚、大尺度分散的空间格局;主要产业集聚区的平均长度和数量均显示出重度污染行业>轻度污染行业>中度污染行业的空间关系;③ 识别出景观生态廊道总长685.57 km,选取了25个生态—经济战略节点,规划了18条总长424.53 km的重要绿带和26条总长662.46 km的一般绿带,共同构成了“蜂巢状”九江市生态安全网络格局。本文采用自然和经济条件相结合的综合分析视角,为生态安全格局的构建提供了多样化的实现途径。  相似文献   

Prediction of vegetation anomalies over an inland river basin in north‐western China          下载免费PDF全文

Jing Fu  Jun Niu  Bellie Sivakumar 《水文研究》2018,32(12):1814-1827

Vegetation cover plays an important role in linking the atmosphere, water, and land and is deemed as a key indicator in the terrestrial ecological system. Therefore, it is of great importance to monitor vegetation dynamics and understand the mechanisms of vegetation change, including that driven by climate change. This study examines (a) the evolution of vegetation dynamics over the Heihe River Basin in the typical arid zone in north‐western China using nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and Thiel Sen's slope; (b) the relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI] and enhanced vegetation index [EVI]) and hydroclimatic variables based on correlation analysis; and (c) the prediction of vegetation anomalies using a multiple linear regression model. For the analysis, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI/EVI product and the gridded daily meteorological data at a spatial resolution of 0.125° over the period 2001–2010 are considered. The results indicate that vegetation cover improved over a large proportion during 2001–2010, with a significant trend towards warm and wet, characterized by an increase in average annual temperature and precipitation by 0.042 °C/year and 5.8 mm/year, respectively. We test the feasibility of NDVI and EVI in quantifying the responses of vegetation anomaly to climate change and develop a statistical model to predict vegetation dynamics in the basin. The NDVI‐based model is found to be more reliable than the EVI‐based model, partly due to the vegetation characteristics and geomorphologic properties of the study region. The proposed model performs well when there is no lag time between meteorological factors and vegetation indices for grassland and cropland, whereas 1‐month lead time prediction is found to be best for forest. The soil water content is introduced as an extra explanatory variable, which effectively improves the prediction accuracy for different land use types. In general, the predictive ability of the proposed model is stable and satisfactory, and the model can provide useful early warning information for regional water resources management under changing climate.  相似文献   

高强度地震下建筑施工场点危险性建模分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

吴俊  廖炜  王涛 《地震工程学报》2018,40(4):833-840

在高强度地震环境下,建筑施工场点易发生危险,传统方法运用AHP算法对建筑施工场点的危险性进行分析,但未考虑抗震约束,存在分析效果差的弊端。因此,提出一种高强度地震下建筑施工场点危险性建模分析方法。首先采用TOPSIS方法得到地震风险评估指标,构建风险评估指标的物元分析模型,基于AHP-熵权法的组合赋权获取地震风险评估指标的综合权重。然后通过贝叶斯网络来推导高强度地震下建筑施工场点危险性参数,运用地震等级的划分标准和推算方法,依据建筑施工场点危险性评估准则和接受原则APLARP,利用物元分析模型中不同危险节点的致因关系和综合权重构建施工场点风险评估模型,完成对高强度地震下建筑施工场点危险性的建模分析。实验结果表明,所设计模型可准确分析高强度地震下建筑施工场点的危险性,能够确保整体施工的安全性,具有重要的应用价值。  相似文献   

耦合土地利用回归与人口加权模型的PM2.5暴露风险评估     

邹雨轩  吴志峰  曹峥 《地球信息科学学报》2019,21(7):1018-1028

PM_2.5已成为人群健康的重要威胁之一,科学精准的暴露评估是PM_2.5风险防控的前提,为提升PM_2.5暴露精准评估,本文利用土地利用数据、道路数据、气象数据等构建PM_2.5土地利用回归反演模型,实现了2013年12月1日-2014年2月8日（冬季）广佛都市区PM_2.5时空动态演变监测,在此基础上将PM_2.5反演结果与人口密度数据耦合,分别从PM_2.5污染浓度与人口加权PM_2.5浓度2个方面,评估广佛都市区PM_2.5污染暴露风险。研究结果表明：① 土地利用回归模型能够较好的反映研究区域内PM_2.5的空间分布特征,R²大于0.78;② 2013年12月1日-2014年2月8日,广佛都市区PM_2.5浓度平均值呈现波动变化趋势,研究时段内,最高平均浓度为97.91 μg/m³ （12月29日-1月11日）,最低平均浓度为53.40 μg/m³ （1月26日-2月8日）,全时段PM_2.5浓度超WHO健康标准的面积占比达99.8%;③ 广佛都市区PM_2.5的空间分布具有异质性规律,其高值区分别位于广州市天河区、越秀区、番禺区北部、花都区北部及佛山市禅城区、南海区中部、三水区中部,低值区主要位于广州市白云区、番禺区东南部及佛山市顺德区南部。人口加权暴露风险存在2个高值中心,分别位于广州市和佛山市的主城区;④ 耦合人口加权模型前后,广佛都市区PM_2.5暴露风险高风险区空间分布发生变化,未考虑人口加权模型时,广佛深高值区较为分散,主要位于南海区、天河区、越秀区、禅城区,考虑人口加权模型后,高值区更加集中于广州市和佛山市的主城区。  相似文献